Blessings are very important in Judaism. We recite a blessing over anything we eat, other things we see, smell, wear, and so on. There are countless blessings for different occassions, such as,
On washing the hands before a meal:
Blessed are you O G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, who has sanctified us with his commandments, and has commanded us about the washing of hands.

Before drinking wine:
Blessed are you, O G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, creator of the fruit of the vine.

Before eating bread:
Blessed are you, O G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, who brings out bread from the earth

Before eating fruit:
Blessed are you, O G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, creator of the fruit of the tree.

On smelling flowers:
Blessed are you, O G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, who creates fragrant plants

On seeing a rainbow:
Blessed are you, O G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, who remembers the covenant, is faithful to his covenant, and keeps his promise.

On seeing lightning, or shooting stars, or high mountains or vast deserts:
Blessed are you, O G-d, our Lord, King of the universe, who performs the work of creation.

There are blessings upon other things to, including, but not exclusive to:
On seeing kings and rulers
On hearing bad news
On doing something new.

The blessing before the wine is called the Kiddush (not to be mistaken with the Kaddish), and in Orthodox families is said before every festive meal.
The Hebrew for a blessing is a beracha, plural berachot.